Rock Music free essay sample

We will look at the birthplaces and progressions of exciting music by contemplating the relevant social, political, social, racial, sexual orientation, and class gives that relate o rock musics history. We will likewise look at the improvement of the music business and innovation that molded and appropriated it. You will create listening abilities by considering melody models shrouded in the reading material and in class. We will start with a prologue to what the investigation of exciting music involves and afterward center around listening abilities and melodic terms to build up a jargon with which to talk about and experience chosen tune examples.The investigation of music, particularly for the recently started might be more troublesome than you anticipate. You will be progressively effective in the event that you approach it similarly as goodness would an unknown dialect ? submerge yourself by tuning in to the tune models over and over. Pose inquiries in the event that you don't completely get something. We will compose a custom exposition test on Awesome Music or then again any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The equivalent applies to listening abilities on the off chance that you are not hearing the melodic qualities talked about during the talks and in your readings, it would be ideal if you request help! This course satisfies the CORE Category II: Methods of Inquiry prerequisite as an Art elective.Required Text ; Technology: Whats That Sound? third release by John Covina. Turning Technologies Responded REF clicker. Both can be bought at the grounds book shop. Required Audio: There are various tunes to tune in to for this class. A portion Of these melodies can be found on youth. The Interactive Listening Guide application found in the Blackboard course site has direct connects to buy the music from tunes; a large portion of these melody models are likewise accessible on Amazon. Download and utilize the Interactive Listening Guide application while examining the tune examples.Course Work and Weighted Percentages: Grading Online Exams 1, 2, 3 (20% every) Criteria 5 Online Quizzes (4% every) 1 0 Written Assignments (1% every) Attendance Participation TRACE Evaluation Lectures (37) Lectures start quickly at 10:30 am and will end at 11 am. Carry your Responded to each class. Participation and support with the clicker innovation is obligatory. Talks will incorporate intelligent surveying and inquiries to be replied with the clickers, tuning in to tune models, watching video cuts, and live execution demonstrations.Students are liable for all declarations made toward the start and end of each talk. Furthermore, perusing assignments are expected preceding the Mondays address so as to completely understand the subjects being talked about in class. Writing board: Course Material Every week new course material will be made accessible on Blackboard comparing to the present weeks address plan sketched out beneath. The substance zones for every week are the way in to your scholarly achievement in this class. Every organizer will contain an investigation control, perusing, tuning in and composing assignments. Visit the Blackboard course as often as possible! Online Quizzes (5) Online tests will be accessible on determined Thursdays between the long periods of 1 a. M and 11:55 p. M. The inquiries depend on the present perusing task just as talk content. You should take the online tests between these hours so as to get a score. All tests have a period breaking point of 32 minutes except if in any case demonstrated. Retakes might be offered to understudies who experience a Blackboard related blunder while taking the test during standard test hours. On the off chance that this occurs, email Brian Burgeon (TA) immediately.Schedule time outside Of class each Thursday to take these tests. Program issues do happen now and again so please avoid potential risk before endeavoring each online test: 1) Restart your PC before taking on the web tests 2) Do NOT run some other projects until you present your answers 3) Clear your programs reserve ) Turn off spring up-window blocking programs while taking the test. At last, on the off chance that you utilize an unsteady remote system association while taking the test, you may be kicked out of the board framework. Its best to utilize a wired connection.If issues persevere, take the test on a PC in the library. Composed Assignments Weekly composed assignments will be accessible in the Weekly Assignments content zone on chalkboard. These depend On the understanding assignments and taken straightforwardly from the reading material. Pick ONE inquiry to reply from the finish of the present part being contemplated. Entries should be in any event en section (5-7 sentences) long to get full credit. These assignments are expected each Friday by 1 p. M. So energetically suggest including schedule occasions and reminders.If you experience issues presenting your task inside the cutoff time, email Brian right away. Online Exams (3) 3 online tests will be offered all through the semester; the arrangement comprises of 50 various decision questions. The inquiries will cover 4 sections of material. As far as possible is 100 minutes (2 minutes for every inquiry) and the tests will be accessible Thursdays from 1 (following class) through Friday at 12 PM. On the off chance that a booking struggle exists contact educator Landlubber preceding the test to plan an other test date. Inability to do this will bring about a missed test score.Exams will be evaluated on a straight scale with NO bend. Cheating and unapproved coordinated efforts as characterized by the Academic Honesty and Integrity strategy (http://www. Oscar. Nee. Man/) won't go on without serious consequences. Understudies who are discovered conning will be indicted to the furthest reaches! Check Your Academic Progress Regularly Scores for tests, tests, and composing assignments can be seen in the evaluation book segment of slate just as your general running weighted aggregate. Brian Burgeon will review your week by week assignments and observing your test progress. Awesome Music free paper test So as to get a handle on a comprehension of where Rock Music originated from, we should initially comprehend what it is. Today, the term Rock is utilized as a sweeping term, to incorporate elective styles Of reggae, metal, elective, awesome, and many other insane types and sub-classes. Most concur that awesome music, in its most flawless structure, is a straightforward, unconsecrated sort of music grounded in a 4/4 timing scheme, with the most noticeable lead instruments being vocals and electric guitar, and the musicality being driven by a bass (or stand-up ass) and basic, driving drumming.In option, there is frequently piano, or Hammond organ added to give the music a more full, more soul-filled and established sound. There are clearly several minor departure from this style, as groups like The Dave Matthews Band have fused violin and saxophone into a jazz and world-beat driven stone style, or groups like The Trans-Siberian Orchestras Orchestra-Rock styling utilizing 33 artists in a single band. We will compose a custom article test on Awesome Music or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Of the considerable number of many styles, varying from band to band, we should have the option to translate rock musics genuine roots. It IS faulty where shakes first appearance was made, yet it is the general agreement that it started to show up in the early sasss.Now-popular Disk Jockey Alan Freed of Columbus, Ohio, begat the saying awesome in 1951 , as per the Encyclopedia Britannica. Many contend who had the main, genuine Rock n Roll record, regardless of whether it was Fats Domino in 1949, or Bill Haley and his Comets in 1951 with the mainstream hit Rock Around the Clock. Of the considerable number of craftsmen among whom it is contended begun this fiercely famous type, not many of its authors have had the effect that the incredible Elvis Presley did With his arrival of his single Thats Alright in 1954.It can be said that it was the main melody that contained all the components of rock, both musically, and expressively; including its oversimplified however all inclusive message of deplorability with a goals of freedom toward the finish of the tune. It is basic, however it is the embodiment of awesome. Elvis proceeded to turn into the top of the line solo craftsman in music history, selling an ensured 182. 6 million records in the U. S. Alone, and an expected 600 million-1 billion sold around the world. These amazing numbers are completely bewildering for one man to do, yet they dont top the rundown Of jammin artists.In the following section, will segue into the consistently well known and record-setting Beetles and Rolling stones, with the beginning of the British Invasion into Rock Music. I intend to proceed with the infusion of Folk music from Bob Dylan into well known music, and travel through the late 6(Yes and asss with the innovation of Heavy Metal by Led Zeppelin and comparable craftsmen. At that point, fanning out from substantial metal, I intend to plot the inclining changes in music fashioned the asss hallucinogenic music into the hair metal and disco-rock of the asss, with the development of Grunge from Seattle in the sasss. Onto have a very inside and out arrangement for how Id like to do this, as this paper truly is only a straight history paper of a subject I love. Awesome music free paper test Other significant awesome music styles incorporate awesome (otherwise called jammin), the principal type of the music; and musicality and-blues music (RB), affected basically by dark American artists (see African American Music). Every one Of these significant classifications includes an assortment Of captions, for example, overwhelming metal, punk, option, and grunge. While developments in exciting music have regularly happened in local centers?such as New York City; Kingston, Jamaica; ND Liverpool, England?the impact of awesome music is presently felt worldwide.II Musical Elements The focal instrument in many sorts of exciting music is the electric guitar. Significant figures throughout the entire existence of this instrument incorporate jazz artist Charlie Christian, who in the late backtalk was one of the first to play the enhanced guitar as a performance instrument; Other instrume

Moralirtys Fickle Mind :: social issues

Moralirty's Fickle Mind If somebody somehow happened to ask what profound quality is, what might one say? Some may consider it uprightness and goodness, and others may consider it to be genuineness and authenticity. In any case, by differentiating what was good, and improper previously, one can plainly observe that people’s idea of profound quality changes after some time. Under what conditions that this calculated change happens, one may never know. What many accept is that profound quality and corruption together have molded both reasoning and society all in all, as it keeps on being the â€Å"guiding light† under numerous conditions. One case of our profound quality based society substantiates itself through history. Subjection went on for more than 400 years. It is clear that cruel treatment of this way went on for such a significant stretch of time since this kind of reasoning was acknowledged during those occasions. When obviously this sort of treatment wasn't right, numerous people’s mentalities (other than blacks) changed toward the treatment of African Americans, so plainly profound quality assumed a key job in the reasoning procedure and the result of how one race overwhelmed another and what the outcome was. Nonetheless, one should likewise consider the way that the rich and ground-breaking have significant impacts over lifestyle; this is clear despite the fact that a majority rule society. The general overwhelming of one individuals or race over another despite everything keeps going right up 'til the present time, as it is clear through the Palestinian and Israeli clash. Another case of how society has been formed by profound quality and unethical behavior is the way that shamelessness drove pioneers from a â€Å"immoral† government and drove them to make a â€Å"moral† kind of government all alone. Be that as it may, despite the fact that profound quality appears to lead society a general decent way, for example, bringing down Hitler’s armed force, it doesn't generally prompt the best result by and large, for example, the taking over of littler nations by the US, or restoring capital punishment. Despite the fact that this legislature was made from a lesser, more awful government, ethical quality despite everything is taking a couple of goes to make it the most ideal government with alterations and laws. An entrepreneur society may not generally advantage us, all together, in all the most ideal ways. In any case, as should be obvious, it is as yet evident that profound quality, regardless of whether it is the ethical quality of t he rich and amazing, shapes our method of living.

Motivating and Rewarding Employees - 825 Words

Motivating and Rewarding Employees (Essay Sample) Content: Motivating and rewarding employeesName:Tutor:Date:Chapter 11: Motivating and rewarding employeesPart I-InformationReference:ABC News (Nov 6, 2014) Hunter manufacturers urged to make better use of employees. Retrieved November, 19, 2014 from /news/2014-11-07/hunter-manufacturers-urged-to-make-better-use-of-employees/5873530News Summary: * Hunter manufacturers should maximize the input from their employees in ensuring that they compete at the international level. * A Melbourne-based Centre for Workplace Leadership will hold a forum to explain their research findings on the best employee motivation strategies. * The training and development of the workforce is of great importance in realizing performance excellence. * Quality management practices are useful in dealing with the issue of employee improvement.Summary of Relevant Management Topic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Motivating and rewarding employeesHuman resources are the most valuable resources owned by a company. They provide the entrepreneurial ability useful in dealing with the other input factors of production namely capital, raw materials and machinery. Their contribution to the production process is so important that it determines the profitability levels by the entity for any given accounting period. Quality encouragement in dealing with the human resources determines the rate at which they a willing to continuously being productive to the employer. The Human Resources department should consider the right motivational theory in making the employees feel encouraged to enhance the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business. Employee motivation is very important aspect of the Human Resource Development aspect. It creates the necessary ingredients in making the employees work better for their own good and that of the employer.A professional approach in motivating the employees increases their commitment to the production process. Their needs should be well catered for by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s management to ensure th at they take care of the entityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business to the unforeseeable future. The employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s culture is given a priority to the organizational culture for the employees to feel appreciated. The right adjustments in the employee motivation practices determine the incremental adjustment in the desirable sales levels. A better application of the most applicable theory develops the desirable elements in dealing with the management complications that are part of the employee output consideration. It is the duty of the employer to come up with the related factors in dealing with employee shortfalls that may interfere with the rate of normal operations within the entity. A different approach in the related issues of human resource development creates the most desirable attributes in enhancing the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business to the right heights.Part II à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ AnalysisRelevance of the News to the above Management TopicHunter manufacturers are expected to compete at th e international level. The employees will play an important role in enhancing the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business. The relevant issues in coming up with a quality approach in business enhancement are part of the fundamental employee improvement procedures. The companies within this range have ignored the input from their employees. They therefore need an adjustment in the best practices with respect to the most qualifying factors as per the human resource management function. Employees within the Hunter manufacturing industry develop the products from their raw material state that is of less value. It is important that they understand the best international employee management practices that are valuable in dealing with the related factors within the input maximization. The relevant adjustments in the employee management practices relate to he most fundamental issues in improving their determination in advancing the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business.Hunter manufacturers should attend the f orum by the Melbourne-based Centre for Workplace Leadership. This will improve th... Motivating and Rewarding Employees - 825 Words Motivating and Rewarding Employees (Essay Sample) Content: Motivating and rewarding employeesName:Tutor:Date:Chapter 11: Motivating and rewarding employeesPart I-InformationReference:ABC News (Nov 6, 2014) Hunter manufacturers urged to make better use of employees. Retrieved November, 19, 2014 from /news/2014-11-07/hunter-manufacturers-urged-to-make-better-use-of-employees/5873530News Summary: * Hunter manufacturers should maximize the input from their employees in ensuring that they compete at the international level. * A Melbourne-based Centre for Workplace Leadership will hold a forum to explain their research findings on the best employee motivation strategies. * The training and development of the workforce is of great importance in realizing performance excellence. * Quality management practices are useful in dealing with the issue of employee improvement.Summary of Relevant Management Topic à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ Motivating and rewarding employeesHuman resources are the most valuable resources owned by a company. They provide the entrepreneurial ability useful in dealing with the other input factors of production namely capital, raw materials and machinery. Their contribution to the production process is so important that it determines the profitability levels by the entity for any given accounting period. Quality encouragement in dealing with the human resources determines the rate at which they a willing to continuously being productive to the employer. The Human Resources department should consider the right motivational theory in making the employees feel encouraged to enhance the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business. Employee motivation is very important aspect of the Human Resource Development aspect. It creates the necessary ingredients in making the employees work better for their own good and that of the employer.A professional approach in motivating the employees increases their commitment to the production process. Their needs should be well catered for by the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s management to ensure th at they take care of the entityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business to the unforeseeable future. The employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s culture is given a priority to the organizational culture for the employees to feel appreciated. The right adjustments in the employee motivation practices determine the incremental adjustment in the desirable sales levels. A better application of the most applicable theory develops the desirable elements in dealing with the management complications that are part of the employee output consideration. It is the duty of the employer to come up with the related factors in dealing with employee shortfalls that may interfere with the rate of normal operations within the entity. A different approach in the related issues of human resource development creates the most desirable attributes in enhancing the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business to the right heights.Part II à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ AnalysisRelevance of the News to the above Management TopicHunter manufacturers are expected to compete at th e international level. The employees will play an important role in enhancing the employerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business. The relevant issues in coming up with a quality approach in business enhancement are part of the fundamental employee improvement procedures. The companies within this range have ignored the input from their employees. They therefore need an adjustment in the best practices with respect to the most qualifying factors as per the human resource management function. Employees within the Hunter manufacturing industry develop the products from their raw material state that is of less value. It is important that they understand the best international employee management practices that are valuable in dealing with the related factors within the input maximization. The relevant adjustments in the employee management practices relate to he most fundamental issues in improving their determination in advancing the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s business.Hunter manufacturers should attend the f orum by the Melbourne-based Centre for Workplace Leadership. This will improve th...

Ethical Leadership - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1295 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/12 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? ETHICAL LEADERSHIP This paper is an exploratory study on Ethical Leadership in the present Business environment which starts with the introduction to leadership and ethical leadership concept and explains about the components of ethical leadership which consists of purpose, knowledge, authority and trust. Also outlined about the modes of ethical leadership which comprises of inspiration, facilitation, persuasion, manipulation and coercion and followed by the best of the best Ethical Leaders identified in 2007. It also mentions about the world’s popular Ethical Companies of 2009. Finally, there are few guidelines mentioned for practicing the Ethical Leadership in today’s world. INTRODUCTION Leadership has been described as the â€Å"process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task†. Leadership remains one of the most relevant aspects of the organizational context. A leader is a person who influences a group of people towards a specific result. It is not dependent on title or formal authority. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Ethical Leadership" essay for you Create order Leaders are recognized by their capacity for caring for others, clear communication, and a commitment to persist. Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. Generally, Ethics means Standards of conduct that indicate how one should behave based on principles about right and wrong. And Ethical leadership means keeping the lines of communication between you and those that you are leading open and strong. Those that you are leading should feel that they can come to you to discuss any problems that they may be having concerning the job at hand, at the very least. They need to know that you will hear them out, and that you will always make the fairest possible decision. An ethical leader would never promise something to someone and not follow through with it. Furthermore, ethical leadership means that the leader never gossips about other members of the group, or shares any private information about them with others. Real leaders concentrate on doing the right thing, not on doing things right. Components of Ethical Leadership Ethical leadership begins with the way leaders perceive and conceptualize the world around them. Ethical leadership, organizational ethics, and social responsibility are inseparable concepts. The leaders role is to guide the human potential of the organizations stakeholders to achieve organizational aspirations in ways that liberate rather constrain their imaginatio ns and judgment. Ethical leadership must, then, be effective, efficient, and excellent if it is not to waste human potential. It is not enough to be ethical in ones individual actions to be an ethical leader. To be effective, efficient, and excellent, four components of ethical leadership must be understood and developed: purpose, knowledge, authority, and trust. ? Purpose-The ethical leader reasons and acts with organizational purposes firmly in mind. This provides focus and consistency. ? Knowledge-The ethical leader has the knowledge to judge and act prudently. This knowledge is found throughout the organization and its environment, but must be shared by those who hold it. Authority-The ethical leader has the power to make decisions and act, but also recognizes that all those involved and affected must have the authority to contribute what they have toward shared purposes. ? Trust-The ethical leader inspires-and is the beneficiary of-trust throughout the organization and its environment. Without trust and knowledge, people are afraid to exercise their authority. The relationship between these four compon ents can be visualized as interrelated components, as described in the figure opposite. Attention to any one component alone is incomplete and isleading. Ethical Modes: It is often thought that ethical leadership must be soft leadership. Being an ethical leader means applying the right amount of authority in each situation. Sometimes the situation requires leadership that is anything but gentle. Gratuitously tough leadership, however, cannot be maintained for long without developing resentment and cynicism. It is helpful to think of the ethical leader as exercising authority within five modes or levels of intervention into the judgments and actions of followers: 1. Inspiration-Setting the example so that other committed members will contribute their fullest capabilities to achieve organizational purposes. 2. Facilitation-Supporting other committed members, and guiding them where necessary, so that they are able to contribute their capabilities as fully as possible. 3. Persuasion-Appealing to reason to convince other members to contribute toward achieving organizational purposes. 4. Manipulation-Offering incentives other than the intrinsic value of contributing to the achievement of organizational purposes, where commitment is lacking. . Coercion-Forcing other members to contribute some degree of their capability where they have little or no commitment to do so on their own. The modes of ethical leadership intervention depend in large part on the organizational culture. If the culture allows the organization to learn and grow within its environment, leadership may be largely inspirational. If the culture does not support organizational learning and growth within that environment, then manipulative, even coercive, leadership would be necessary. Moreover, the style of ethical leadership will vary with the degree to which it reflects the Organizational Culture and the urgency of its situation in the environment. Ethical leadership is a stewardship that preserves the aspirations and culture of the organization. It scans the community and develops and communicates organizational aspirations: the organizations core purpose, core values, and vision of a desired future and persuades, manipulates, and coerces its stakeholders to comply until the culture has adapted. Ethical leadership balances (1) achieving the organizational aspirations that are realistically attainable at this time with (2) developing the organizational culture over time. Ethical Leaders who made the difference in 2007 1. Stuart Rose, Chief executive, Marks Spencer, UK retailer Marks Spencer. 2. Lee Scott, Chief executive, Wal-Mart, the world’s largest retailer. 3. Patrick Cescau, Chief executive, Unilever, the consumer goods giant. 4. Anne Lauvergeon, Chairman of Areva, the French nuclear group. 5. Chris Harrop, Marketing director of Marshalls, the UK stone company. 6. Richard Ellis, Head of corporate social responsibility at Alliance-Boots 7. Noel Purcell, General manager of stakeholder communications at Westpac. 8. Mike Clasper, Former chief executive of BAA, the UK airports operator. 9. Chris Avery, Founder of Business-humanrights. org. 10. Fiona Harvey, Environment correspondent, the Financial Times. 11. Lala Rimando, Business editor, Newsbreak Magazine in Manila, Philippines 12. Christine Loh, Founder and chief executive of Civic Exchange, an independent, non-profit public policy think-tank in 13. Neelie Kroes, European Union competition commissioner. 14. Penny Wong, Australian senator and new climate change minister. 15. Bill Clinton, Former US president. 2009 World’s Most Ethical Companies 1. Honeywell International- USA †¢ Aerospace and Defense 2. Harris Corporation USA †¢ Aerospace and Defense 3. Nike- USA †¢ Apparel 4. BMW- Germany †¢ Automotive 5. Toyota Motor- Japan †¢ Automotive 6. HSBC UK †¢ Banking 7. Accenture Bermuda * Business Services 8. Hewlett-Packard- USA †¢ Computer Hardware 9. Unilever Netherlands/UK †¢ Consumer Products 10. Intel USA †¢ Electronics Semiconductors In Accenture’s ethics and compliance program, the company uses six â€Å"core values† of stewardship, best people, client value creation, one global network, respect for the individual and integrity Ethical Leadership- A few general guide-lines ? Ethical leadership requires a clear and coherent ethical framework on which the leader can draw in making decisions and taking action. ? Your ethical framework should agree with the ethical framework, vision, and mission of the organization or initiative. ? Ethics should be a topic of discussion. ? Ethics should be out in the open. ? Ethical thought must be connected to action. Ethical leadership is a shared process. Conclusion There is no one-size-fits-all style of leadership for all organizations. For that matter, there is no such style for any one organization at all points in its organizational life. The appropriate leadership style, then, depends upon the ethical context of the organization, its organizational culture, and the situation it finds itself in at any point in its organizational life. The specific organizational culture required, and the challenges it must face, are a function of its essential social responsibility and the dynamics of its larger community

Getting to Know Absinthe - 650 Words

La Fee Verte, the green fairy, the green goddess, all popular names for the spirit known as absinthe. However its referred to, absinthe has made a big name for itself throughout history, eventually leading to its banning, and is now making a come back. The name â€Å"absinthe† comes from the scientific name for its main ingredient Artemisia absinthium, or wormwood. Woodworm flavored wines date back to the Egyptians, who drank it for medicinal purposes as early as 1550 B.C. Ancient Greeks also consumed a woodworm flavored wine that may have been the predecessor of modern absinthe. (History.com) It was not until 1792 where it was first distilled in Switzerland by the French doctor Pierre Ordinaire. For five years the spirit was produced for its medicinal properties. In fact, French soldiers fighting in Algeria were administered absinthe to prevent malaria and dysentery. (Kitchen Doctor) These men sought out this cure-all in the bars and cafes of Paris, where it had gained a following among bohemians and the bourgeoisie. (Liquor.com) This demand was met with commercial absinthe production when Major Dubied bought the recipe from Dr. Ordinaire and proceeded to manufacture the spirit with his son-in-law, Henri-Louis Pernod, in Val-de-Travers, Switzerland. The venture proved to be profitable and Pernod in 1805 moved to a larger facility in Pontarlier, France. Although Pernod only distilled some 16 liters of absinthe when it first started, it only took a few short years forShow MoreRelatedA Case Study Of Vincent Van Gogh1723 Words   |  7 Pagesmadman† who had cut off his ear and given it as present to a prostitute. 1. Artistic beginnings. Van Gogh’s introduction to art was through his mother, who was an amateur artist, but his uncle was the one who actually helped him pursue his goals by getting Van Gogh his first art gig. As teenager, Van Gogh worked under an international art dealer, and through this position, he soon found himself in London where he first discovered his love for art. Originally, he thought he wanted to be a pastor dueRead MoreCritical Analysis of Hills Like White Elephants923 Words   |  4 Pagesirrational and controversial as today’s ongoing debate over gay marriage. Although the term abortion is never used in the story, the imagery Hemingway uses along with the language and behavior of the characters gives way for one explanation – Jig is getting an abortion. Of the many symbols Hemingway uses, the theme of abortion is evident in the white elephant hills that have the â€Å"coloring of †¦ skin through the trees† (Hemingway, 1). The white hills, as described in the setting, parallels a pregnantRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Golden Sunshine 901 Words   |  4 Pagesbecome aware the battery ran out. By the time, in some branches near me- I saw the indistinct lights waving in the air, not sure whether is absinthe-green or calamine-blue. I am moving toward the bushes tardily with curious, but same with fear. The light seems like the â€Å"will-o-the-wisp†that I seen in the cemetery in the countryside when i was little, even know it’s a chemical reaction of the air and temperature. The goose bumps off the ground from my skin and I stopped my pace. Think in my head, itRead MoreTales From The Mekong Delta Essay1127 Words   |  5 PagesEverything turns a beautiful blue. Sights, sounds, touch, and mind-sets are changed. Creativity flows freely from your mind to the hand to the pen and to the paper. This blue is the blue that knows you and where you live and its never going to forget(107). The blue is the fix and excitement an addict gets from drugs. Addicts look for an escape. They feel that if they just have that hit they will enjoy life and its experiences to a fuller extent. In Kate Bravermans short story Tall TalesRead MoreThe Quality Of Communication And The Way A Person1143 Words   |  5 Pagesperfectly simple,† operation. He indirectly leads her towards the abortion by saying â€Å"[this baby] is the only thing that bothers us. It’s the only thing that’s made us unhappy.† Jig doesn’t want for the man to be unsatisfied, therefore she considers getting rid of what they think is the â€Å"problem†. She claims she doesn’t â€Å"care about [herself]† and just cares about the man. It is evident that she loves him and just wants to do whatever the man desires in order for his love. â€Å"If I do it you’ll be happyRead MoreMonologue of a Drug Lord1143 Words   |  5 PagesMonologue of a Drug Lord I know. If you were to see me walking on the street you would never suspect I’m a drug dealer – let alone a drug lord. You know, I’ve always resented that title: drug lord. It makes me seem like a vehement Colombian with an imperial moustache and ostentatious golden rings, not to mention most people assume the worst of you the instant you tell them – even the weed obsessed Rastafarians and the acid infatuated Hipsters don’t respond too well to that particular title. I haveRead MoreHills Like White Elephants Analysis Essay1766 Words   |  8 Pagescharacters, the language, and the symbolism, one can see that the conversation is about an abortion and that the couple’s relationship is falling apart. Ernest Hemingway uses characters, sexism, and the setting and symbolism to give the readers a chance to know couple and see their broken relationship. Hills Like White Elephant was written in 1927, right before the Great Depression. In the story, the couple travels throughout Spain to Barcelona and to the capitol of Spain, Madrid. The male protagonist isRead MoreJig and the Stream of Life in Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†1646 Words   |  7 PagesI see many people as I wander through the streets, yet I can only hear silence. I see couples getting into a restaurant, order, check their smartphones, eat, and I wonder why they do not look up, face each other and genuinely communicate. What I perceive, are men and women living not with, but next to each other. This is exactly what I imagined when I read Hemingway’s â€Å"Hills Like White Elephants†. A couple waiting to catch a train and as they sit and drink some beers, they start talking about Jig’sRead More heroarms A Comparison of Code Heroes of A Farewell to Arms and For Whom the Bell Tolls2088 Words   |  9 Pagesoften witnesse s Frederic Henry or Robert Jordan enjoying a drink.  Ã‚   One instance comes when Robert Jordan eats with his comrades.   He muses over the wine he is drinking, thinking but [wine] does not curl around inside you the way absinthe does... there is nothing like absinthe (For Whom the Bell Tolls, 204) .  Ã‚   This series of thoughts by Robert Jordan shows that he enjoys drinking alcohol because of its relaxing qualities; however, he exhibits moderation in his drinking because his judgment never faltersRead MoreKate Bravermans short story Tall Tales From the Mekong Delta1838 Words   |  8 Pagescreativity flows freely from your mind. You feel indestructible, confident, and prideful. The sun is jolly and as you inhale the air seems to suck through you effortlessly. Everything is blue, no, not blue with melancholy, this blue is the blue that knows you and where you live and its never going to forget (107). The blue is the faà §ade and excitement an addict gets from drugs. Addicts look for an escape, a better life, and something more gratifying, instantly. In Kate Bravermans short story Tall

Literature Review Digital Technology

Question: Discuss about theLiterature Reviewfor Digital Technology. Answer: The aim of the present paper is to make fruitful comparison as well as contrast between perceptions of different authors regarding the particular extent to which higher education students exploit opportunities provided by digital technology for the purpose of learning. In the era of digital technology, education has highly become digitalized as the use of varied digital tools and methods have proved to be efficient for the aid of both learning and teaching. Utilization of digital devices like mobile, tablets, personal computer, laptops and digital board have now become some of the essential classroom devices in most of the academic institutes. With the help of the aforementioned digital tools the procedure for learning and teaching has become easier, effective and more attractive. However, it has been identified that the easy accessibility to digital devices and their user-friendly nature are instigating numerous learners to exploit the use digital technology for the aid of learning (Lai and Hong 2015). Several researches have proved that instead of using digital technology for the purpose of learning, students are making negative uses of the technology, which are directly affecting their studies, cognitive development and their social behavior (Gallardo-Echenique et al. 2015). According to Beetham and Sharpe (2013), in terms technological advent, development of internet and its use has affected every aspect of the learners life. The utilization of digital technology and specifically the exploiting use of internet are increasing particularly among the higher education students throughout the world. As per Murray et al. (2014), it could not be neglected that with the persuasion of digital education and use of internet in the academic arena has successfully empowered the students in refining as well as sharpening their skills and knowledge in subject specific grounds. As mentioned by Mishra et al. (2014), the easy accessibility to digital tools and internet has opened a Pandoras Door of danger and addiction. On the other hand, based on Selwyn and Bulfin (2016), it is not a concrete truth that nowadays students of high education level are exploiting the use of digital technology. The aforementioned authors claim that under proper instructions and monitoring, m ost of the time students make proper use of ICT tools and online resource sites like Google, Wikipedia and VLE. In the context, it is essential to mention that the study of McCoy (2013), has indicated that students use of digital technology is highly influenced the particular approach adopted by their individual lecturers or educators. Over last few years, education has started to take an omnipresent place in the society as well as in the premise of education. According to Beetham and Sharpe (2013), the reason behind the ubiquitous position of digital technology in the premise of education is that digital technology provides easy access to information regarding any subject or any educational field. However, as opposed by McCoy (2013), among most of the students of US universities, the number of using digital technology for non-class purposes is higher that the number of using digital technology for educational purpose. The aforementioned authors have also indicated the fact that use of digital technology among students of Universities, colleges and high school is increasing for fighting boredom and for entertainment rather than for education. It has been further identified that in terms of consequence, more than 80% of the students using digital technology have been found to provide less attention to the class and on their education (McCoy 2013). Almost each of the authors of the considered articles have indicated a similar fact that says, the use of digital technologies as well as digital media create numerous challenges for the educators and the students regarding the problems of control, power along with authority. Furthermore, almost each of the authors has pointed out the fact that the possible chances of misusing the digital technology among higher education students is increasing because digital technology is gradually turning to be personally-owned and wireless. It means students are more getting accustomed to personalized, self-directed as well as empowering activities with the help of advancing digital technologies. Nevertheless, while Selwyn and Bulfin (2016), have strongly implied that exploitation of digital technology among higher education students is majorly dependent upon the approach made by the lecturers, Beetham and Sharpe (2013), have said that it is the advancing digital technology that should be blamed for the misuse. On the other hand, as pointed out by Lai and Hong (2015), the use of digital technology in classroom learning in higher education has been proving contentious. It is because most of the time, the school authorities are not being able to put an end to the exploiting use of digital technology among the students. However, according to Gallardo-Echenique et al. (2015), the most horrible consequence of using digital technology for non-class purpose is cyber-bullying, cyber-crime, development of frantic behavior and depression. As per the opposition made by Margaryan et al. (2011), the claims of students making negative use of digital technology is dependent upon the shiftin g expectation of the students as well as the patterns of learning and utilization of technology. Nevertheless, majority of the considered researches has pointed out that the reason behind misuse of digital technology is the increasing demand of children and their parents tendency to provide their children everything in the name of education. On the other hand, none of the considered authors have neglected the fact that the advancement of IT premise is bringing varied of new learning styles, which have the potentiality to act most conveniently in assisting students in their academic field. At the same time, none of them have ignored the possible consequence that with the advancement of IT tools, the possibility for juvenile crime like cyber bullying, illegal Photoshop and visit to improper video sites are enhancing (Murray 2014). Therefore, it can be said that instead of having different perception regarding the misuse of digital technology among higher education students, one similar point has been found out, which is there is the need for digital technology in learning and teaching. Though the extent to which higher education students can exploit the use of technology is difficult for the educators to estimate most of the time. References Beetham, H. and Sharpe, R., 2013.Rethinking pedagogy for a digital age: Designing for 21st century learning. routledge. Gallardo-Echenique, E.E., Marqus-Molas, L., Bullen, M. and Strijbos, J.W., 2015. Lets talk about digital learners in the digital era.The International Review of research in open and distributed learning,16(3). Lai, K.W. and Hong, K.S., 2015. Technology use and learning characteristics of students in higher education: Do generational differences exist?.British Journal of Educational Technology,46(4), pp.725-738. Margaryan, A., Littlejohn, A. and Vojt, G., 2011. Are digital natives a myth or reality? University students use of digital technologies.Computers Education,56(2), pp.429-440. McCoy, B., 2013. Digital distractions in the classroom: Student classroom use of digital devices for non-class related purposes. Mishra, S., Draus, P., Goreva, N., Leone, G. and Caputo, D., 2014. The impact of internet addiction on university students and its effect on subsequent academic success: A survey based study.Issues in Information Systems,15(1), pp.344-352. Murray, D.L., 2014.A survey of the practices and perceptions of students in one catholic high school on the use of the internet regarding safety, cyberbullying, and sexting. University of San Francisco. Selwyn, N. and Bulfin, S., 2016. Exploring school regulation of students technology userules that are made to be broken?.Educational Review,68(3), pp.274-290.

Social Administration Social Welfare Essay Example

Social Administration Social Welfare Essay SOWK 1001 Introduction to Social Administration Topic: 3 Discuss the development and change of people’s values and attitude towards social welfare in Hong Kong society Tutorial time slot: Tuesday 1600-1700 a) Introduction According to Midgley (1997) (as cited in Wong, Chow Wong, 2001), from a narrow perspective, social welfare is defined as the social helps that the government or the charity organizations provide to those poor and needy. It is also regarded as the well-being that people are enjoying in the society from a broader angle. In Hong Kong, It is obvious that the role of Hong Kong government has changed from passivity to active involvement. In the first two decades after the Second World War, the main objective of the government was to secure the poor a basic living standard. Since 1967, the mindset has changed. The government has actively involved in safeguarding the welfare of Hong Kong citizens. This is evident not only in the growing welfare budget and the increased volume of services provided, but also in the diversification of programs in operation. Social welfare has gradually regarded as one of the essential institutions in our society. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Administration Social Welfare specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Administration Social Welfare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Administration Social Welfare specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In order to investigate the development and change of people’s values and attitudes towards social welfare in the Hong Kong society, three major traditional values and attitudes would first be introduced. Afterwards, four major changes in values and attitudes would be discussed. Furthermore, despite the revolutionary changes in the welfare scenario, some traditional values and attitudes are still commonly upheld among Hong Kong Chinese. Few statistical survey results, together with further analysis, were used to support the arguments discussed. ) Traditional values and attitudes towards social welfare The government has no obligations in providing social services Traditionally, the Chinese people believe that the government is not obligated in providing them with any social welfare. In the words of R. Plant, H. Lesser and P. T. Gooby(1980), they think that â€Å"people have no moral right to what they receive because no individual person can have a right to another personâ₠¬â„¢s charity. † In other words, Hong Kong Chinese traditionally considered social welfare as a relief to meet urgent needs, but not as a right. Suggested by Lau (1988), the primary moral basis for the development of this attitude is the lack of the â€Å"individualism† concept among traditional Chinese people. In simple terms, individualism is the positive view of human nature and is based upon two fundamental concepts: the respect of every individuals and the belief of equal rights for all. Everyone has a separate identity. While the comprehensive welfare system is developed upon individualism in the West, the concept of individualism was weak among traditional Chinese people. Reliance on family support While Hong Kong Chinese people think that the government has no obligations in satisfying their basic needs, people’s basic needs were usually satisfied within their own families. In case of having problems which were beyond the control and capabilities of their families, they tend to seek help from their clans, neighbors or villagers. Lau (1982) used the concept of â€Å"utilitarianstic familism† to describe the reliance on family support of Chinese people in Hong Kong. According to Lau, Utilitarianistic familism means ‘the normative and behavioral tendency of an individual to place his familial interests above the interests of society and of other individuals and groups, and to structure his relationships with other individuals and groups in such a manner that the furtherance of his familial interests is the overriding concern (Lau, 1982). As every member in the familial groups considered the interest of the family was prior to other interests, family members tended to seek help from or provide help to one another rather than outsiders when they faced some financial difficulties. The responsibility of a family member is greatly emphasized, especially in terms of mutual assistance. This gradually created ‘economic interdependence among familial members’ (Lau, 1982). This unusual strong emphasis was further studied by Lau, and he proposes that the mutual assistance among familial members in many cases will be considered as long-term investment with the hope of a pay-off in the future. Another research done by Lee Ming Kwan in 1988 (Lee. M. K. 1991. Family and Social Life. Lau. S. K, Lee. M. K, Wimp’s. , Wong. S. L. p. 53. Indicators of social development, Hong Kong 1988. Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies) also found that Chinese people in Hong Kong were reluctant in seeking assistance from the government. Over 90% of them will solve the trouble by their own, seek help from relatives and friends but not any NGOs nor from the government. As suggested by Lee, these findings are â€Å"consistent with the syndrome of utilitarianistic familiam: the larger society and the polity are kept at a distance while familial groups are relied on as the principal agents for safe-guarding and furthering one’s interests. Chow(1986) further explained that. The development of social welfare was largely ‘a history of charitable effort’. Religious organizations like Church World Service, Catholic Relief Services, Lutheran World Services; indigenous organizations like Tung Wah Group of hospitals and the Po Leung Kuk became the main providers of social welfare. There were also some mutual aids associations like clansmen associations, mutual aids societies and locality associations which provided help for destitute members by collecting subscriptions from those who were more fortunate. Their effort was mainly concentrated on relieving the very poor and their dependent members. Self-reliance People would satisfy their basic needs by their own effort rather than with government assistance, unless they tried their best effort and failed. The ideas of â€Å"no one should depend on the welfare system for more than is necessary† and â€Å"welfare should be earned by one’s effort† are further supported by the study conducted by Lau in 1990. (â€Å"Indicators if social development. Hong Kong 1990†. ) In the study majority (over 40%) of the respondents agree that welfare services should go to the most needed. Only 3. % of the respondents think that welfare should be distributed on a charity basis. Referring to the survey conducted by Lee Ming Kwan in 1988 (table 2. 4), almost half of the respondents claims that they would solve it by their own effort in case of they or their families run into financial difficulties. In contrast, only about six pe rcent of them claim that they would seek help from relevant government departments. The finding indicates that Hong Kong Chinese in general tend to put great emphasis on one’s own effort in times of adversity. This conclusion is also consistent with the findings by Lee Ming Kwan in 1990. In the survey, people were asked to identify their source of help that they would most frequently resort when there were needs in eight areas. According to the figures collected(table 2. 5), when the family was troubled by financial problems, 27% of the respondents would seek help from oneself while none of the respondents would seek help from social services. When difficulties occurred in work or career, over 45% of the respondents would work them out by oneself. In general, close kin, relatives, neighbors, workmates and friends had all been active in the respondent’s help-seeking network. Table 2. 5—persons from whom one sought help (%) (extract) | |When there was someone |When the family was |When difficulties |When one was upset and |When one needed advice or | | |sick in the family |troubled by financial |occurred in work or |needed someone to talk |information on certain | | | |problems |career |to |matters | |Oneself |45. 3 |27 |46. |20. 4 |13 | |Spouse |20. 4 |20. 6 |9. 5 |27. 3 |10. 2 | |Children |5. 5 |7. 6 |0. 9 |2. 4 |4. 3 | |Parents |13 |17. 1 |3. 7 |1. 9 |2. 4 | |Spouse’s kin |2. 6 |0. |0 |0. 2 |0. 4 | |Siblings |5. 5 |5. 7 |2. 8 |1. 9 |4 | |Other relatives |0. 7 |1. 9 |4 |0. 7 |1. 4 | |Workmates |0 |0. 7 |0 |1. 4 |5. 2 | |Neighbors |0. |0 |4 |0. 7 |0. 9 | |Friends |0. 4 |10 |1. 8 |33. 2 |39. 4 | |Buying services |0. 5 |0 |0. 4 |0 |1. 7 | |Social services |1. 4 |0 |0. 9 |0. 2 |1. | |Others |0. 7 |0. 5 |0. 4 |1. 2 |1. 7 | |Don’t know/ not |4. 7 |8. 1 |9. 3 |8. 6 |14. 7 | |applicable | | | | | | Other Reasons Living under ‘borrowed time and borrowed place’, the young people stroke no roots in Hong Kong. As people came to make money and went away all the time, Hong Kong people felt that there was no need to care for the well being of others who just happened to be living in the same community for a while. A short term horizon was developed as a result. People were generally reluctant to commit resources to uncertain long term future. Welfare programmes thus lacked long term goals. As a highly commercialized and industrialized society, Hong Kong has often been described as a city where no one is concerned about the well-being of other people. As upward social mobility through political channel was blocked under British colonial rule, people could only place emphasis on economic pursuits. They were thus often characterized to be highly egoistic, materialistic and pragmatic. A lukewarm attitude towards the government and other matters outside personal orbit was shared among majority of Hong Kong people. The better-off class was unwilling to share resources with the poor. Fighting for more social benefits from the government was something undesirable as this might disrupt order and stability. They just wanted to maintain the status quo. ) Changes in people’s values and attitudes towards social welfare Political change – democratization and the change of sovereignty Hong Kong has been undergoing a gradual process of democratization since the 1970s. There was the first election of District Board in 1981. Before 1985, members of Hong Kongs Legislative Council received executive appointment. They served as an advis ory body for the colonial governor and had no power to introduce legislation or overturn acts of the executive. The British colonial government began to introduce democratic reforms into Hong Kongs legislature after the signing of the Joint Declaration in 1984. Beginning in 1985 these representatives were elected by professionals from functional constituencies. It was not until 1991 that any part of the legislature was elected directly through geographically defined constituencies. After 1989 Tiananmen Massacre in Beijing, Governor Patten was sent to Hong Kong to further accelerate the democratization process. The voting age was lowered and the number of voters selecting LegCo seats through indirect elections was raised. Under such reforms, Hong Kong people have become more politically socialized. Through the experience of election and political participation, the Hong Kong people have become more aware of their rights, including their right to social welfare. The change of sovereignty in 1997 also contributed to an increasing social expectation on the government. The handover has enhanced sense of belonging among the Hong Kong people and they now expect their own government to be more responsive to their needs. It is submitted that the introduction of the Principle Official Accountability System is also another reason for the rise of expectation on the government. Breakdown of traditional family system Nowadays, the family system is losing most of its traditional functions. With high percentage of old people, increasing number of young mothers going out to work, escalating incidence of divorce and higher number of domestic violence reports, family may no longer be acting as an institution where emotional, social and financial support can be provided. Instead, the family is now shedding most of its responsibilities on the society and people expect more from the government. Also, with the change in family structure and increasing economic difficulties, some problems may be so burdensome that is beyond what a family can handle. Many look to government for help as a result. . Economic difficulties The Hong Kong society is facing many challenges today. Economic restructuring, rapid ageing population and erosion of family functioning are some of the biggest challenges identified by the Hong Kong Council of Social Services. The new mode of business operation due to technological globalization causes structural job displacement and leads to high rate of unemployment. The ageing of baby-boomed generation increases financial burden of the family and our society. According to a survey conducted by the Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, 59. % respondents considered social cause as the reason for poverty. Only 14. 2% considered individual problem as cause of poverty. As most people believe that it is not their fault or laziness which makes them poor, they expect the government to give them more help. It should be noted that not only the grassroots, but also the middle class has adopted a more active attitud es towards public affairs. In the past, the middle class as a whole seldom took up class-specific issues through collective action. However, many middle class families now find that they no longer have a secure future to look to. Some are even suffering negative equity. In the July 1st parade, the middle class was actually the backbone of the protest. This shows that the middle class is no longer apathetic with social issues now. More aware of rights as a citizen People become more aware of their rights as citizens and their social awareness were increased, more attention have been given to the issues on welfare services and social policy. According to the study conducted by Wong Chack-kie in 1993 (indicators of social development Hong Kong 1993), public welfare represents a contract of rights and duties among citizens of a society, and the Government’s welfare responsibility is supported. Table 3. 1. Government’s welfare responsibility (%) | |disagree |average |agree |Don’t know | |1. providing medial care for the sick |2. 1 |5 |91. 1 |1. 8 | |2. providing care for the elderly |3. 3 |6. 5 |88. 1 |2. 1 | |3. providing financial subsidy to university students |2. 4 |5. 9 |87. 8 |3. | |from low income families | | | | | |4. reducing the gap between rich and poor |10. 7 |6. 2 |75. 3 |7. 7 | |5. improving living standards of single-parent |13. 6 |11 |70 |5. 4 | |families | | | | | |6. providing unemployment benefits |14. |11 |69. 8 |4. 5 | |7. providing subsidies to new immigrants from mainland|65. 5 |12. 2 |14. 9 |7. 4 | |China | | | | | This change is largely brought about by political factors which made public opinions more reflected. Political parties in the 90’s joined the legislative council and exerted pressure on government’s social policy formulation. People were taken part into the vote as the legislation of social policy was opened to the public, so people’s awareness of the rights to receive social welfare services were raised. In addition, democratic parties’ campaigns encouraged the development of social welfare. For example, in 1991, â€Å"one man one vote† was realized and eighteen members were directly elected in the Legislative Council. More issues related to social welfare policy were being discussed in the Legislature afterwards. The set up of the District Board also encourage the expression of opinions towards public welfare. The responsibilities of the District Board is to advice the District Management Committee on the well being of district residents and on the provision and use of public services and the priorities of government programs. Citizens who had lived in Hong Kong for seven years would have the right to vote and elect their representatives to reflect their ideas on the government’s social welfare policy. Although the District Board had a limited authority and no power to the legislation of the social policy, the public could express their opinions through the District Board. Members of the District Board gave vote to the problems and needs, which are uppermost in the minds of the people of the District. It made suggestions for improvement of social welfare. For the sake of receiving better social welfare services, people would voice out their opinions and suggestions. Growing demand on quality social services provided by the government After the change of sovereignty in 1997, people have higher expectations on the government and are more demanding in terms of social services provision. After the 1st July 1997, Hong Kong became the special administrative region (SAR) of China and the British colonial government no longer holds the sovereignty. The government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) announced that social welfare, including the extent of education, housing and elderly care, would be carried out efficiently in order to improve peoples’ life. In the past, people felt helpless under the colonial ruling and the self-reliance id eology was formed. After the transition of sovereignty in 1997, people began to expect more on the government as their â€Å"own government† rather than a government in a â€Å"borrowed time† and at a â€Å"borrowed place†. People are less reluctant in seeking government’s assistance. Hong Kong’s economy has been in decline for some time. After 1997, GDP growth slowed to 2. 3 percent a year, compared to 5 percent previously. Structural unemployment arises due to the offshoring of jobs to low-cost economies, and business process improvements in which redesign of operating processes and IT-enabled process redesign reduce the number pf people that need to be employed. The portion of respondents perceiving â€Å"government assistance† to be the best way in meeting personal needs has almost doubled from 4. 7% to 8. 6% from 1998 to 2001. This drastic increase could partly be attributed to the economic turmoil which disables many in meeting their basic needs, thus turning to the government for assistance under no choice. d) Traditional values towards social welfare that are still commonly uphold Self-reliance and reliance on family The upholding value of self-reliance could be reflected in the survey conducted by C. K. Wong and K. Y. Wong in 1998. Referring to table 3. 3, comparing the figures obtained in 1998 and 2001. For each year, around seventy percent of the respondents have the perception that one’s own effort in the best way in meeting personal needs. The rather stable figures indicate that self-reliance is still a commonly uphold concept among Hong Kong Chinese in general. A survey was conducted by Leung Sai-wing in 1997 to study how people assess the extent of poverty in Hong Kong. A great majority of the respondents chose individual failure from the answer categories as the main reason for Hong Kong Chinese being poor. including â€Å"the poor are lazy and lack of willpower†, â€Å"they do not have good educational qualification†, â€Å"they do not know how to speculate†, â€Å"they have been unlucky†, â€Å"they have unhealthy habits† and â€Å"their children do not support their living†). The one-fourth of respondents choosing â€Å"injustice in society† migh t be attributed to their dissatisfaction with the present institutional arrangement of wealth distribution. Anyway, the majority of them still explain poverty in terms of individual failure, which reflects people’s emphasis on self-reliance. Table 4. 1. Main reasons for Hong Kong Chinese being poor (%) |Because of injustice in society |23. 3 | |Because of their laziness and lack of willpower |22. 2 | |Because they do not have good educational qualification |19. 9 | e) Conclusion There is a value shift of Hong Kong people’s views towards social welfare as comparing to the past. Though people are usually referring social welfare to a narrow definition of providing help to those who are poor and needy, we, in recent years, discover that there has been progress in people’s perception of the term ‘social welfare’. People are trying to interpret the term in a boarder sense. They are also more open-minded towards social welfare and dependency on the government nowadays is more common than before, though we should not overlook the existent of the self-reliance ideology in the mind of many Hong Kong people. There is a growing urge for social assistance particularly due to the worsening of economic condition. It is not surprising that government spending on social welfare has been increasing over years. Thus, it is very true that government’s effort in welfare provision is directly related to people’s attitudes towards welfare. Reference: Lau. S. K. , Lee. lM. K, Wan. P. S, Wong. S. L. (1999, 2001). Indicators of social development, Hong Kong 1997 Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Wong. C. K. , Chow K. Wong K. Y. (1998). The assessment of social welfare policy : the views of Hong Kong people. HK: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Lau. S. K. , Lee. M. K, Wan. P. S, Wong. S. L. (1995, 1998). Indicators of social development, Hong Kong 1993 Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, the Chinese University of Hong Kong. Lau. S. K. (1991). Society and politics in Hong Kong. HK: The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Lau. S. K, Kuan. H. C. (1988). The ethos of Hong Kong Chinese. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press